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Emperor Gia Long (8 February 1762 – 3 February 1820), born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, often referred to simply as Nguyễn Ánh〔In this Vietnamese name, the family name is ''Nguyễn'', but is often simplified to ''Nguyen'' in English-language text. According to Vietnamese custom, this person should properly be referred to by the given name ''Ánh'' or ''Anh'' (in English-language text).〕), was the first Emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty of Vietnam. Unifying what is now modern Vietnam in 1802, he founded the Nguyễn Dynasty, the last of the Vietnamese dynasties. A nephew of the last Nguyễn lord who ruled over southern Vietnam, Nguyễn Ánh was forced into hiding in 1777 as a fifteen-year-old when his family was slain in the Tây Sơn revolt. After several changes of fortune in which his loyalists regained and again lost Saigon, he befriended the French Catholic priest Pigneau de Behaine. Pigneau championed his cause to the French government—and managed to recruit volunteers when this fell through—to help Nguyễn Ánh regain the throne. From 1789, Nguyễn Ánh was once again in the ascendancy and began his northward march to defeat the Tây Sơn, eventually moving by 1802 to the border with China, which had previously been under the control of the Trịnh lords. When this was over, he had reunited Vietnam after centuries of internecine feudal warfare with a greater land mass than ever before, stretching from China down to the Gulf of Siam. Gia Long's rule was noted for its Confucian orthodoxy. He repealed Tây Sơn reforms and reinstated the classical Confucian education and civil service system. He moved the capital from Hanoi south to Huế as the country's populace had also shifted south over the preceding centuries, and built up fortresses and a palace in his new capital. Using French expertise, he modernized Vietnam's defensive capabilities. In deference to the assistance of his French friends, he tolerated the activities of Roman Catholic missionaries, something that became increasingly restricted under his successors. Under his rule, Vietnam strengthened its military dominance in Indochina, expelling Siamese forces from Cambodia and turning it into a vassal state. ==Early years== Born on 8 February 1762, Nguyễn Ánh was the son of Nguyễn Phúc Luân and Nguyen Thi Hoan. Luan was the designated heir of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát of southern Vietnam. However, a high-ranking mandarin named Trương Phúc Loan changed Khoat's will of succession on his deathbed, and installed Luan's younger brother Nguyễn Phúc Thuần on the throne in 1765. Luan was jailed and died in the same year.〔Kim, p. 335.〕 However, Thuan lost his position as lord of southern Vietnam and was killed during the Tây Sơn rebellion led by the brothers Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Lữ in 1777.〔Hall, p. 426.〕 Nguyễn Ánh was the most senior member of the ruling family to have survived the Tây Sơn victory, which pushed the Nguyễn from their heartland in central Vietnam, southwards towards Saigon and into the Mekong Delta region in the far south.〔Hall, p. 423.〕〔Cady, p. 282.〕〔 Nguyễn Ánh fled to Hà Tiên on the southern coastal tip of Vietnam, where he met Pigneau de Behaine,〔〔McLeod, p. 7.〕〔Karnow, p. 75.〕 a French priest who became his adviser and played a major part in his rise to power.〔 Together, they escaped to the island of Pulo Panjang in the Gulf of Siam.〔〔Buttinger, p. 234.〕 Pigneau hoped that by playing a substantial role in a Nguyễn Ánh victory, he would be in position to lever important concessions for the Catholic Church in Vietnam, helping its expansion in South East Asia.〔McLeod, p. 9.〕 In late 1777, the main part of the Tây Sơn army left Saigon to go north and attack the Trịnh lords, who ruled the other half of Vietnam. Nguyễn Ánh stealthily returned to the mainland, rejoining his supporters and reclaimed the city.〔Buttinger, p. 233.〕 He was crucially aided by the efforts of Đỗ Thanh Nhơn, who had organized an army for him,〔Hall, p. 427.〕 which was supplemented by Cambodian mercenaries and Chinese pirates.〔Buttinger, p. 235.〕 The following year, Nhon expelled further Tây Sơn troops from the surrounding province of Gia Định, and inflicted heavy losses on the Tây Sơn naval fleet. Taking advantage of the more favorable situation, Nguyễn Ánh sent a diplomatic mission to Siam to propose a treaty of friendship. However, this pact was derailed in 1779 when the Cambodians held an uprising against their pro-Siamese leader Ang Non. Nguyễn Ánh sent Nhon to help the uprising, which saw Ang Non defeated decisively and executed.〔 Nhon returned to Saigon with high honor and concentrated his efforts on improving the Nguyễn navy. In 1780, in an attempt to strengthen his political status, Nguyễn Ánh proclaimed himself Nguyễn vương (''Nguyễn king'' or ''Nguyễn ruler'' in Vietnamese).〔Dutton, p. 45.〕〔Kim, p. 342.〕 Then, in 1781, Nguyễn Ánh sent further forces to prop up the Cambodian regime against Siamese armies who wanted to reassert their control.〔〔 Shortly thereafter, Nguyễn Ánh had Nhon brutally murdered. The reason remains unclear, but it was postulated that he did so because Nhon's fame and military success was overshadowing him. The Tây Sơn brothers reportedly broke out in celebration upon hearing of Nhon's execution, as Nhon was the Nguyễn officer that they feared the most. Nhon's supporters rebelled, weakening the Nguyễn army, and within a few months, the Tây Sơn had recaptured Saigon mainly on the back of naval barrages.〔〔 Nguyễn Ánh was forced to flee to Ha Tien, and then onto the island of Phú Quốc. Meanwhile, some of his forces continued to resist in his absence.〔Hall, p. 428.〕 In October 1782, the tide shifted again, when forces led by Nguyễn Phúc Mân, Nguyễn Ánh's younger brother, and Châu Văn Tiếp drove the Tây Sơn out of Saigon.〔〔Kim, p. 323.〕 Nguyễn Ánh returned to Saigon, as did Pigneau〔 The hold was tenuous, and a counterattack by the Tây Sơn in early 1783 saw a heavy defeat for the Nguyễn, with Nguyen Man killed in battle.〔〔 Nguyễn Ánh again fled to Phú Quốc, but this time his hiding place was discovered.〔 He managed to escape the pursuing Tây Sơn fleet to Koh Rong island in the Bay of Kompong Som. Again, his hideout was discovered and encircled by the rebel fleet. However, a typhoon hit the area, and he managed to break the naval siege and escape to another island amid the confusion.〔〔 In early-1784, Nguyễn Ánh went to seek Siamese aid, which was forthcoming, but the extra 20,000 men failed to weaken the Tây Sơn's hold on power.〔 This forced Nguyễn Ánh to become a refugee in Siam in 1785.〔〔Cady, p. 283.〕 To make matters worse, the Tây Sơn regularly raided the rice growing areas of the south during the harvesting season, depriving the Nguyễn of their food supply.〔Mantienne, p. 520.〕 Nguyễn Ánh eventually came to the conclusion that using Siamese military aid would generate a backlash amongst the populace, due to prevailing Vietnamese hostility towards Siam.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gia Long」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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